RED HAT -9 Study Material

RED HAT -9 Study Material             

Red Hat 9 will not install on SATA hard disk because it does not contains drivers of it.                     
Red Hat 9 invented in 2004                         

Fedora Core latest version is 14                

1] If we have SATA Hard disk Press “DEL” key and enabled Lagecy Support                          
2] Connect SATA to IDE convertor cable                
3] Put IDE Hard disk                        

Installation:RedHat Linux 9

1.       Insert  #1 CD

2.       Change boot sequence (boot from CDROM)

3.       Welcome screen                              NEXT>>

4.       Language (US English)                    NEXT>>

5.       Mouse                                                  NEXT>>

6.       Installation type (Custom)           NEXT>>

7.       DISK Partition Setup                       Alt+F2  (CLI interface)

Use manually partition tool using fdisk

Fdisk  - l   (is show current disk status)

 

There is one HDD name is  /dev/sda

Create partition

Case II

1.       /Boot                            100MB

2.       /Home                         500MB

3.       Swap                            1000M(double RAM)

4.       /                                     1000M                  ROOT Partition

5.       /tmp                             1000M

6.       /var                               1000M

7.       /usr                               min 500M to 5 GB

 

NOTE: we can make max 4 partition of primary / 3 primary and 1 Extended (64 Logical).

#fdisk /dev/sda

Will ask you to select 16 options                                ( a b c d   l m n o p q s t u v w x )

 

 

 

/boot partition:

n  =  to create new partition. Select p for primary partition (1-4). Select  1 primary partition. First cylinder number chooses by computer (default). Last cylinder or size :  +100M

(NOTE: Use  +  symbol to mention size of partition. )

 

 

/home partition:  n for new select e for extended then 2 primary partition select default size of partition.

Agin n for new select l for logical partition.  First cylinder number chooses by computer (default). Last cylinder or size :  +500M

swap: n for new select l for logical partition.  First cylinder number chooses by computer (default). Last cylinder or size :  +2048M (If RAM is 1GB)

/ :  n for new select l for logical partition.  First cylinder number chooses by computer (default). Last cylinder or size :  +1000M

/tmp: n for new select l for logical partition.  First cylinder number chooses by computer (default). Last cylinder or size :  +1000M

/usr: n for new select l for logical partition.  First cylinder number chooses by computer (default). Last cylinder number chooses by computer.

NOTE:   Change Swap Partition Id from 83 to 82 use t and then select partition number Hex code type 82

Press W for save and exit

 

After partitioning choose GUI interface  Press Alt+F7 and select Mannual partition with disk druid

Change partition name of Linux native partition by double clicking on it (Boot,home,/,tmp,var,usr)

·         NEXT >> to Format partition

·         Select bootloader (Use LILO as the boot loader)

·         NEXT>>

·         Network Configuration (default) NEXT>>

·         Firewall Setting later we configure firewall select  NO firewall  NEXT>>

·         Additional Language set default (You can choose Marathi,Hindi) NEXT>>

·         Time Zone selection (Kolkata) +5.30

·         Set root password:

·         Option (Custom package install) Minimal / Everything  NEXT>>

·         Install.

Class2                                                                                                                                                                                       Date 24/11/2010

 

NOTE :If we want to see the boot sequence press “SHIFT+PageUp” key.                             

Commands                        

1)      Whoami :-  who login to current session.                    
2)      Clear :- to clear screen                        
3)      Ctrl+x    = Exit                          
4)      Ctrl + G  = get help Ctrl+R   = Read File           Ctrl+y   = Prev Page
5)      Ctrl +K    = Cut Text                               
6)      Ll | more                   
7)      Ll | less                      

Press q to come out from ‘:’                       

Ctrl+C is hardware interrupt & ‘q’ is software interrupt.                

8)      Ll –r (reverse) starting from the last file.                     
9)      Cp     = for copy file                               
10)   Rm    = to delete file                             
11)   Mv   = move file                     
12)   Pwd    = Print working Directory                      
13)   Adduser    = to add new user                            
14)   Passwd    = to change user password                            
15)   Press Alt+F2 ( Second Virtual Console ). There are maximum 6 virtual console.                         
16)  PS   = ( PROCESS RUNNING ) means process running                              
ps -e                     
ps -el | less   = e means every process, l means Long form in the RAM                   
service gpm stop & service gpm restart                
There are 2 types of daemon                    
1) application daemon                  
2) system daemon                         

# ntsysv     ( Run this command immediate after Red Hat 9 installation )                 
We required 9 services to be compulsory started for Red Hat and any 3 are optional as shown below     

(*)anacorn                         
(*)crond                             
(*)echo                               
(*)gpm ( Optional )                        
(*)keytable ( Keyboard translation table )                           
(*)Kudzu ( Hardware detection ) ( Optional )                      
(*)network                        
(*)random (pid)                              
(*)sendmail                       
(*)sshd ( secure telnet )                              
(*)syslog                             
(*)xfs (optional ) Startx command to go from CLI-command line interface to GUI - Graphical User Interface )      

Ctrl+Alt+backspace    = to come out from GUI to CLI                       

# switchdesk gnome    = means gnome is default window manager of RedHat Linux                        

# swtichdesk KDE          = Start KDE window manager                       

# uptime                             

# cal    ( show calender )                               

# poweroff or init 0    ( to shut down system )                    

                               

BIOS is nothing but firmware. It is made up of 32 subprograms. It is called as interrupt.                  

The class of the network card is '0200'. It is universally same. ( SVID means SUB Vendor ID )                        

In- LIEU Number                             

                               

Logo of Linux is called as "Shadow Man".                             

The hat is "Maxican HAT"                            

yellow log Linux.                              

                               

Windows Emmulator (WINE)                     

                               

#cd Essentials                   

Essential# ls                       

# vi 1-schedule                 

# date (to know the date & time )                           

# df (disk free)                 

# df -h    ( disk free shows in MB )                            

                               

# /home is file system                  

                               

We need 3 partitions required i.e / , /swap, /boot       when we installed any software it goes in /usr       

                               

# fdisk -l        ( To see the partition )                         

# fdisk /dev/h da                            

                               

n -> l                     

                               

no free sectors available                              

                               

Press 'q' to quit.                               

                               

Hardware inventory. Lspci & dmesg                       

                               

these are commands for Hardware Inventory.                  

                               

# dmesg       ( command shows whole inventory of m/c                 

                               

pio    ( Program i/p    o/p )                            

                               

First 3 bytes of MAC Address is manaufacturer code & last 3 bytes are Sr.No.                     

                               

# GNU /GPL                      

                               

Linux software given by the GNU/GPLLicense.                  

                               

# GNU /GPL FLOSS/COPYLEFT                   

                               

GNU   :- is not unix. Any software is not related to unix.                

                               

Floss :- Free liabrary open source software.                        

                               

Four freedoms :- freedom o   == free to download any FLOSS Software.                               

Freedom 1 == freedom to distribute                      

Freedom 2 == freedom to get sourcecode                          

Freedom 3  == free of cost.                        

                               

Libre & Gratis both are free.                      

                               

Symlinks / Symbolic Links / softlink                         

                               

in Windows above term called us 'shortcuts'                      

                               

Hostname    ( display full name of system )                          

hostname -s     ( short name )                    

hostname -d    ( family name ) ( Domain )                             

Hostname -I    (IP address )                         

                               

file ( filename )                

basename /usr/local                     

                               

# mkdir -p personal/family/dad                

# mkdir -p personal/family/mom                             

                               

# -p    = makes the parent directory automatically                            

                               

# tree personal                

                               

# ll -h    [ shows files in (kb ) size ]                             

                               

# ll -al   ( all filename )                    

                               

:w   :- To save the file but remain in the file like CTRL+S in windows                         

:wq :- to save & exit                       

                               

# cat filename    ( show content of the file )                        

# cat papa1 >> papa2   ( to append, copy the content of papa1 to papa2 )                             

# cp -f papa2 papa1     ( Forcefully copy papa2 papa1   the size of both files is same )                        

                               

                               

All DOS commands are run on linux. Just put 'm' in the beginning of any command.                         

                               

e.g :-                     

# mdir a:    ( It will display directories in floppy )                 

                               

# mcopy zimran a:     ( copy zimran in floppy )                     

                               

# mtools    ( display dos commands )                      

                               

                               

How to make simlinks shortCuts                              

                               

# ln -s personal/family/dad/papa1 zpop                               

                               

-s  ( if you don’t give -s it will make hardlink